\chapter{形容词从句的简化}
形容词从句就是关系从句，主、从两个从句间一定有重复的元素以建立关系。既然有重复，就可省略，如果重复的元素（关系词）是关系从句的宾语，通常只是把关系词本身省略。如：

1. \wordtag{The man}{S} \wordtag{is}{V} \wordtag{here}{C}.

2. \wordtag{You}{S} \wordtag{asked}{V} \wordtag{about}{介系词} \wordtag{him}{O}.

$\to$(A) The man \wordtag{whom you asked about}{关系从句} is here.

$\to$(B) he man \wordtag{you asked about}{关系从句} is here. 

关系词是宾语而省略掉的情况，只是一般性的省略。关系从句中仍有主语、动词（(B)的you asked about），所以这种省略不算是真正的简化从句。

如果关系词是关系从句的主语，那么简化起来，省略主语就势必也要省略be动词，这就是典型的形容词从句简化。以下就简化之后所留下的不同补语来加以分类介绍。

\section{补语为Ven}
如果关系从句中是被动态，就会简化成为过去分词的补语部分。如：

1. \wordtag{Beer}{S} is most delicious. \vspace{1ex}

2. \wordtag{It}{S} is chilled to 6 ℃ \vspace{1ex}

$\to$(A) Beer \wordtag{which is chilled to 6 ℃}{关系从句} is most delicious. \vspace{1ex}

例2的主语与例1重复，改成关系词which来连接两句，即成(A)的形状。在(A)中，主语which与先行词的beer重复，动词部分因为是被动态，有be动词在。此时只要将主语与be动词(which is)省略，成为：

Beer \wordtag{chilled to 6 ℃}{简化形容词从句} is most delicious.\vspace{1ex}

关系从句简化后剩下的补语是过去分词短语，属于形容词类，而原来的从句也是形容词类，所以没有词类的冲突，可取代关系从句来形容beer，且意思不变，这是成功的简化从句。再举一有逗号的关系从句为例：

\wordtag{Your brother John}{先行词},\wordtag{who was wounded in war}{关系从句}, will soon be sent home.
\vspace{1ex}

此句中，先行词your brother John是专有名词，后面的关系从句因而没有``指出是谁''的功能，只有``补充说明''的功能，所以应置于括弧性的逗号中---一对逗号当括弧使用，用来作补充说明。放在逗号中的关系从句，简化方式一样，只要把主语与be动词省略即可：

Your brother John,\wordtag{wounded in war}{简化形容词从句}, will soon be sent home.

\section{补语为Ving}
如果关系从句中的动词是be+Ving的形状（进行式），只要省略主语与be动词即可。如：

\wordtag{The ship}{先行词} \wordtag{which is coming to shore}{关系从句} is from Gaoxiong.
\vspace{1ex}

关系从句中的主语which就是the ship，又有be动词，只要省去这两个部分，成为：

The ship \wordtag{coming to shore}{简化关系从句} is from Gaoxiong. \vspace{1ex}

剩下的补语部分是现在分词短语，属于形容词类，与原来的关系从句词类相同，这就是成功的简化从句。

如果关系从句中没有be动词，也没有助动词，就要把动词改成Ving的形状。如：

\wordtag{My old car}{先行词}, \wordtag{which breaks down every other week}{关系从句}, won't last much longer. \vspace{1ex}

这个关系从句，动词是breaks down,既无be动词也无助动词，无法省略，所以要先改成有be动词的形态：is breaking down，有了be动词，breaking downy就可成为补语部分保留下来，只省略主语与be动词，成为：

My old car,\wordtag{breaking down every other week}{简化关系从句}, won't last much longer.

\section{补语为to V}
如果关系从句的动词有语气助动词存在，就会成为不定词补语留下来。如：

John is \wordtag{the one}{先行词} \wordtag{who should go this time}{关系从句}.\vspace{1ex}

关系从句中的who should go固然没有be动词，只要将其改成who is to go 就有了，且意思相近，再把who is省略，即成为：

John is the one \wordtag{to go this time.}{简化关系从句} \vspace{1ex}

不定词的词类是``不一定''什么词类，即可当名词、形容词、副词。所以也符合原来关系从句的词类，可以形容先行词the one，是正确的简化从句。

\subsection{不定词的主动、被动判断}
不定词也有主动与被动之分。其间的选择如果还原成关系从句就可看得很清楚。如：

1. John is not a man \wordtag{to trust.}{简化形容词从句} （约翰这人不可信。） \vspace{1ex}

2. John is not a man \wordtag{to be trusted.}{简化形容词从句}  \vspace{1ex}

上2句都对。原因得看原来的关系从句是什么。如果原先是这两句：

John is not \wordtag{a man.}{O} \vspace{1ex}

\wordtag{One}{S} \wordtag{can trust}{V} \wordtag{the man.}{O}  \vspace{1ex}

后面这一句的宾语the man就是前一句的a man，可改为关系词，合成：

John is not \wordtag{a man}{先行词} \wordtag{whom one can trust.}{关系从句}  \vspace{1ex}

因为关系从句中的关系词whom是宾语，可省略，成为：

John is not \wordtag{a man}{先行词} \wordtag{one can trust.}{关系从句}  \vspace{1ex}

这个关系从句中的主语是空洞的one，可简化，再把can trust简化为to trust，即为例1 John is not a man to trust。反之，如果原先是这两句：

John is not \wordtag{a man.}{O} \vspace{1ex}

\wordtag{The man}{S} \wordtag{can be trusted}{V} \vspace{1ex}

就会成为这个复句：

John is not \wordtag{a man}{先行词} \wordtag{who can be trusted}{关系从句} \vspace{1ex}

从这个关系从句简化出来（省略主语who，助动词改为不定词），即可得到例2 John is not a man to be trusted的结果。所以此例中，不定词采主动或被动皆可，至于用哪种，看上下文，不可一概而论。

\subsection{不定词有无宾语的判断}
不定词中如果是及物动词，又有加不加宾语的差别。这也要看原来关系从句的句型来判断。如：

1. This is exactly \wordtag{the thing}{先行词} \wordtag{to do}{简化形容词从句} （这正是该做的事。） \vspace{1ex}

2. This is exactly \wordtag{the time}{先行词} \wordtag{to do it}{简化形容词从句} （是做这件事的时候了。） \vspace{1ex}

例1可视为由这两句变化而来：

This is exactly the thing. 

We should do the thing. 

后一句中的the thing是宾语，改写为关系词后成为：

This is exactly the thing which we should do.

因为关系词which是宾语，可径行省略（这就是为什么到最后不定词中少了宾语），成为：

This is exactly the thing we should do.

再把关系从句中的主语we省略（对方知道你在说谁），把助动词改为不定词，就得出例1 This is exactly the thing to do. 如果原来是这两句话：

This is exactly the time.

We should do it at this time. 

后一句中是以时间副词和先行词the time重复，因而改写成关系副词when来连接：

This is exactly the time when we should do it 

关系副词非主语词类，在前面没有逗号的情况下可径行省略，成为：

This is exactly the time we should do it.

再将关系从句以同样方法简化，于是得出例2 This is exactly the time to do it的结果。

\subsection{不定词后面有无介系词的判断}
有些不定词宾语后面会跟个介系词，像 to talk to 、to deal with、to get into等。这是因为介系词后面的宾语就是关系词，径行省略之故，因而只见介系词不见宾语。如：

1. He will be the toughest guy.

2. You must deal with the guy.

例2中的the guy是介系词with的宾语，它和例1的guy重复而建立关系，改写成关系词来连接两句：

He will be the toughest guy whom you must deal with.

关系从句中的关系词因为是宾语，可以径行省略，成为：

He will be the toughest guy you must deal with. 

如果对方知道你的意思，那么关系从句的主语you就可省略，再把must简化为to，即成为：

He will be the toughest guy to deal with.

不定词后面如果跟有介系词，大多是此道理，只要还原成关系从句即可明白。

\subsection{不定词的主语不清时如何处理}
如果主语省略会造成意思不清楚，可安排主语于介系词短语中以宾语形态出现。最常用的介系统是for。如：

I have \wordtag{a job}{先行词} \wordtag{that your brother can do}{关系从句} \vspace{1ex}

关系从句的关系词that是宾语，可径行省略，成为：

I have \wordtag{a job}{先行词} \wordtag{your brother can do}{关系从句} \vspace{1ex}

这个关系从句的动词can do照样可简化为to do，但主语your brother不宜省略，不然会变成I have a job to do。碰到这种主语不能省略的情形，可用介系词短语来安插主语（这是配合不定词时的选择，若不是不定词则另当别论），成为：

I have \wordtag{a job}{先行词} \wordtag{for your brother to do}{简化形容词从句} 

\section{补语为一般形容词}
若关系从句动词是be动词，后面是单纯的形容词类作补语，可直接简化主语（即关系词）和be动词，只留下补语。如：

\wordtag{Hilary Clinton}{先行词},\wordtag{who is pretty and intelligent}{关系从句},is a popular First Lady. \vspace{1ex}

关系从句中的主语who与be动词省略后，剩下部分pretty and intelligent还是形容词，与原来的关系从句词类相同，所以可简化取代：

\wordtag{Hilary Clinton}{先行词},\wordtag{pretty and intelligent}{简化形容词从句},is a popular First Lady. \vspace{1ex}

了解形容词从句的简化，就可以了解pretty and intelligent是简化从句的补语部分。由此观之，形容词只有两种位置：名词短语中（a pretty woman）及补语位置（the woman is pretty）。如果乍看两个位置都不是，那多半是简化形容词从句的残留补语。

\section{补语为名词}
关系从句是形容词类，如果简化主语和be动词，剩下的是名词补语，其词类与原来的关系从句词类有冲突，但仍然可以使用。传统语法则为此取了个名称：同位语，来避开词类的冲突。如：

\wordtag{Bill Clinton}{先行词}，\wordtag{who is President of the U.S.}{关系从句}, is a Baby Boomer. (Bill Clinton,美国总统，是生育高峰期出生的。) \vspace{1ex}

由who引导的关系从句以名词短语President of the U.S.为补语，简化主语与be动词后就剩下它。这就是传统语法所谓的同位语：

\wordtag{Bill Clinton}{先行词}，\wordtag{President of the U.S.}{简化形容词从句}, is a Baby Boomer.

\section{练习}
\subsection{练习一}
将下列各句中的关系从句（即画底线部分）改写为简化从句：

\begin{enumerate}
    \item Medieval(adj.中世纪的) suits of armor, \uline{which were developed for protection during battle},are now placed in castles for decoration.
    \item The change of style in these paintings should be obvious to anyone \uline{that is familiar with the artist's works}.
    \item Islands are actually tips of underwater mountain peaks \uline{that rise above water}.
    \item John Milton, \uline{who was author of Paradise Lost}, was a key member of Oliver Cromwell's cabinet.
    \item The secretary thought that it might not be the best time \uline{that she should ask her boss for a raise}.
    \item Gold is one of the heaviest metals \uline{that are known to man}.
    \item Here are some books \uline{that your brother can use}.
    \item Sexual harassment(n. 骚扰；烦恼),\uline{which is a hotly debated issue in the work place}, will be the topic of the intercollegiate debate next week.
    \item There's nothing left \uline{that I can say now}.
    \item People \uline{that live along the waterfront} must be evacuated before the storm hits.
\end{enumerate}

\subsection{练习二}
\begin{multicols}{2}
    \begin{enumerate}
        \item \blank often found in fruit and vegetables.
         \begin{enumerate}
            \item Vitamin C, a trace element that is 
            \item For vitamin C, a trace element to be 
            \item Vitamin C,a trace element, is 
            \item Vitamin C, is that trace element
         \end{enumerate}
         \item The most important fossil(n. 化石；僵化的事物；) \blank in East Africa was that of an ancient female,dubbed Lucy.
         \begin{enumerate}
            \item excavated
            \item was excavated 
            \item to excavate 
            \item excavating
         \end{enumerate}
         \item Steve Jobs vision of the personal computer greatly expanded the number of people \blank the computer for business and for pleasure.
         \begin{enumerate}
            \item actively used 
            \item were using actively 
            \item actively using 
            \item who actively using 
         \end{enumerate}
         \item The Amazon rain forests,\blank the earth's lungs,convert carbon dioxide in the atmosphere back into oxygen.
         \begin{enumerate}
            \item functioning as 
            \item which functioning as 
            \item functions as 
            \item functioned as 
         \end{enumerate}
         \item Through a process \blank coalescence(n. 合并；联合；), water droplets in clouds grow to a size large enough to fall to earth.
         \begin{enumerate}
            \item calls 
            \item to be called 
            \item calling 
            \item called 
         \end{enumerate}
         \item If you are looking for investment advice, I know just the place \blank .
         \begin{enumerate}
            \item going 
            \item to go 
            \item you to go 
            \item for you going 
         \end{enumerate}
         \item Penicillin,\blank in the early 20th century, brought in the golden age of chemotherapy.
         \begin{enumerate}
            \item to be discovered
            \item discovering 
            \item discovery was 
            \item discovered 
         \end{enumerate}
         \item Those are not words \blank.
         \begin{enumerate}
            \item to be taken seriously
            \item to take them seriously
            \item taking seriously
            \item are taken seriously
         \end{enumerate}
         \item The mouse, like the keyboard, is a control device \blank to a computer.
         \begin{enumerate}
            \item connected 
            \item to connect it 
            \item and connect 
            \item that connect
         \end{enumerate}
         \item An amendment (n.修正案)to the Constitution \blank in Harry Truman's tenure(n. 任期；占有) limits the US presidency(n. 职位（任期）；管辖；支配) to two terms.
         \begin{enumerate}
            \item passing 
            \item to pass 
            \item passed 
            \item was passed 
         \end{enumerate}
    \end{enumerate}    
\end{multicols}

\section{答案}
\subsection{练习一}
\begin{enumerate}
    \item Medieval suits of armor, \uline{developed for protection during battle}, are now placed in castles for decoration.
    \item The change of style in these paintings should be obvious to anyone \uline{familiar with the artist's works}.
    \item Islands are actually tips of underwater mountain peaks \uline{rising above water}.
    \item John Milton, \uline{author of Paradise Lost}, was a key member of Oliver Cromwell's cabinet.
    \item The secretary thought that it might not be the best time \uline{to ask her boss for a raise}.
    \item Gold is one of the heaviest metals \uline{known to man}.
    \item Here are some books \uline{for your brother to use}.
    \item Sexual harassment,\uline{a hotly debated issue in the work place}, will be the topic of the intercollegiate debate next week.
    \item There's nothing left \uline{(for me) to say now}.
    \item People \uline{living along the waterfront} must be evacuated before the storm hits.
\end{enumerate}

\subsection{练习二}
\begin{enumerate}
    \item (C) 答案C的句型是Vitamin C is often found in fruit and vegetables, 中间再加同位语a trace element (微量元素)，即关系从句which is a trace element的简化。
    \item (A) 空格以下原为关系从句 that was excavated in East Africa
    \item (C) 空格以下原为关系从句 who were actively using the computer…
    \item (A) 空格以下原为关系从句 which functions as the earth's lungs 
    \item (D) 空格以下原为关系从句 that is called coalescence 
    \item (B) 空格以下原为关系从句 where you can go 
    \item (D) 空格以下原为关系从句 which was discovered in the early 20th century
    \item (A) 空格以下原为关系从句 that should be taken seriously
    \item (A) 空格以下原为关系从句 that is connected to a computer
    \item (C) 空格以下原为关系从句 that was passed in Harry Truman's tenure
\end{enumerate}